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extract from service manual
<onlyinclude>
The current manufacturer of cells for Zero's power packs is [[Farasis]] who are supplying [http://www.farasis.com/solutions/cells/ pouch cells] for the 2013+ model range ([[Gen2]] and [[Gen3]]).
;NMC Cell Chemistry
: The chemistry used is '''Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt''': LiNiMnCoO2 ("NMC" or other rearrangements of those letters).
: NMC is a relatively new battery chemistry which ''differs from'' the Li-cobalt chemistry we are familiar with from mobile phone batteries and laptops.
:: While Li-cobalt has a higher energy density than NMC (storage capacity per kilogram), it doesn't cycle as well and ages quicker.
:: That's fine for a mobile phone that is likely to be obsolete after 2-3 years, but not for an electric bike.
: The automotive-grade NMC cells that Farasis supply should easily satisfy the requirements of the five year warranty that Zero are providing with their current Z-Force battery packs.
:: It seems they should last 8-10 years if they aren't abused.
:: Even if you start to notice some significant deterioration after five years, the rate at which battery technology is progressing means that you should be able to buy a new battery pack with much better capacity (range) than the original for less money.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Battery Cells
! colspan="6"|
! colspan="3"|Voltage
!
|-
! Years
! Form
! Manufacturer
! Model
! Datasheet
! Capacity
! Minimum
! Nominal
! Maximum
! Dimensions
|-
|2009-2011
|cylindrical
|[http://www.molicel.com/ca/ Molicel]
|[http://www.molicel.com/hq/product/products11.html IMR-26700A]
|[http://wamtechnik.pl/files/specs/645.pdf Molicel 26700] [https://evmc2.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/imr26700.pdf] [https://master-instruments.com.au/products/60681/IMR26700A.html]
|2.9Ah
|2.5V
|3.8V
|4.2V±50mV
|26.4mm ⌀ × 70mm
|-
|2012
|rowspan="7"|pouch
|[http://www.eigbattery.com EIG]
|[http://www.eigbattery.com/_eng/designer/skin/02/01_03.asp EIG C020]
|[http://www.eigbattery.com/_eng/developer/m_product_data_set/download.asp?file_nm=EIG_NCM_C020_Data-sheet_APR2016.PDF EIG NCM C020]
|20Ah
|2.5V
|3.65V
|4.15V
|130mm × 217mm × 7.2mm
|-
|2013-2014
|rowspan="6"|[[Farasis]]
|Farasis 25Ah
|rowspan="6"|[http://www.cdiweb.com/datasheets/ctc-battery/FEI-DataSheet-IMP06160230P25A-Pouch-25Ah-v5.pdf Farasis IMP06160230P25A 25Ah] or [https://evmc2.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/fei-datasheet-imp06160230p25a-pouch-25ah-v5.pdf alt]
|25Ah
|rowspan="6"|2.0V
|rowspan="6"|3.65V
|rowspan="6"|4.15-4.20V
|161mm × 230mm × 6mm
|-
|2015
|Farasis 27Ah
|27Ah (25Ah label)
|161mm × 230mm × 6mm
|-
|2016-2017
|Farasis 29Ah
|29Ah (28Ah label)
|160mm × 230mm × 6mm
|-
|2018
|[https://chargedevs.com/newswire/new-farasis-pouch-cell-balances-power-and-energy-density/ Farasis 32Ah]
|32Ah (? label)
|160mm × 230mm × 6mm
|}
;Farasis Claims
: Per Farasis engineers and industry professionals:
:; 25Ah
:: A solid cell, and are Farasis's oldest chemistry design.
:: They are a manganese-rich cathode (NMC) 25Ah cell with excellent cycle life, and acceptable [[C-Rate|C-rate]].
:; 27Ah
:: An adaptation of the 25Ah cell chemistry with thinner foils and more of them.
:: This means that there is more active materiel (more capacity) but less conductive path to get that capacity in and out.
:: So for the slow discharge S/DS bikes, you get more capacity, but they are lower C rate, and cannot handle being used in the FX platform.
:; 29Ah
:: Higher discharge rate (peak and continuous) than the 25Ah cell.
:: More capacity than the 27Ah cell (especially at higher [[C-Rate|C rates]]/cooler temperatures).
:; 32Ah
:: 10% capacity improvement and very likely lower internal resistance.
:: Internal weight savings and better cooling are inferred.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Farasis Specs
!
! colspan="2"| Discharge
!
! Charge
|-
! Cell
! Continuous
! Peak (10sec)
! Max Burst
! Maximum
|-
|25Ah
|4C (100A)
|7C (175A)
|400A
|1C (25A)
|}
;References
: [https://evmc2.wordpress.com/2013/12/01/2014-zero-battery-chemistry-z-force-power-tank-secret-sauce/ 2014 ZERO BATTERY CHEMISTRY (Z-FORCE® POWER TANK SECRET SAUCE)]
: [https://endless-sphere.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=87997 DoctorBass on Endless Sphere: Zero Motorcycles BATTERY for your E-projects!!]
: [https://chargedevs.com/newswire/new-farasis-pouch-cell-balances-power-and-energy-density/ Charged EVs: New (32Ah) Farasis lithium-ion pouch cell balances power and energy density]
: [https://electricmotorcycleforum.com/boards/index.php?topic=5314.0 Battery notes from a Farasis Engineer. @ ElectricMotorcyleForum]
</onlyinclude>
The current manufacturer of cells for Zero's power packs is [[Farasis]] who are supplying [http://www.farasis.com/solutions/cells/ pouch cells] for the 2013+ model range ([[Gen2]] and [[Gen3]]).
;NMC Cell Chemistry
: The chemistry used is '''Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt''': LiNiMnCoO2 ("NMC" or other rearrangements of those letters).
: NMC is a relatively new battery chemistry which ''differs from'' the Li-cobalt chemistry we are familiar with from mobile phone batteries and laptops.
:: While Li-cobalt has a higher energy density than NMC (storage capacity per kilogram), it doesn't cycle as well and ages quicker.
:: That's fine for a mobile phone that is likely to be obsolete after 2-3 years, but not for an electric bike.
: The automotive-grade NMC cells that Farasis supply should easily satisfy the requirements of the five year warranty that Zero are providing with their current Z-Force battery packs.
:: It seems they should last 8-10 years if they aren't abused.
:: Even if you start to notice some significant deterioration after five years, the rate at which battery technology is progressing means that you should be able to buy a new battery pack with much better capacity (range) than the original for less money.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Battery Cells
! colspan="6"|
! colspan="3"|Voltage
!
|-
! Years
! Form
! Manufacturer
! Model
! Datasheet
! Capacity
! Minimum
! Nominal
! Maximum
! Dimensions
|-
|2009-2011
|cylindrical
|[http://www.molicel.com/ca/ Molicel]
|[http://www.molicel.com/hq/product/products11.html IMR-26700A]
|[http://wamtechnik.pl/files/specs/645.pdf Molicel 26700] [https://evmc2.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/imr26700.pdf] [https://master-instruments.com.au/products/60681/IMR26700A.html]
|2.9Ah
|2.5V
|3.8V
|4.2V±50mV
|26.4mm ⌀ × 70mm
|-
|2012
|rowspan="7"|pouch
|[http://www.eigbattery.com EIG]
|[http://www.eigbattery.com/_eng/designer/skin/02/01_03.asp EIG C020]
|[http://www.eigbattery.com/_eng/developer/m_product_data_set/download.asp?file_nm=EIG_NCM_C020_Data-sheet_APR2016.PDF EIG NCM C020]
|20Ah
|2.5V
|3.65V
|4.15V
|130mm × 217mm × 7.2mm
|-
|2013-2014
|rowspan="6"|[[Farasis]]
|Farasis 25Ah
|rowspan="6"|[http://www.cdiweb.com/datasheets/ctc-battery/FEI-DataSheet-IMP06160230P25A-Pouch-25Ah-v5.pdf Farasis IMP06160230P25A 25Ah] or [https://evmc2.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/fei-datasheet-imp06160230p25a-pouch-25ah-v5.pdf alt]
|25Ah
|rowspan="6"|2.0V
|rowspan="6"|3.65V
|rowspan="6"|4.15-4.20V
|161mm × 230mm × 6mm
|-
|2015
|Farasis 27Ah
|27Ah (25Ah label)
|161mm × 230mm × 6mm
|-
|2016-2017
|Farasis 29Ah
|29Ah (28Ah label)
|160mm × 230mm × 6mm
|-
|2018
|[https://chargedevs.com/newswire/new-farasis-pouch-cell-balances-power-and-energy-density/ Farasis 32Ah]
|32Ah (? label)
|160mm × 230mm × 6mm
|}
;Farasis Claims
: Per Farasis engineers and industry professionals:
:; 25Ah
:: A solid cell, and are Farasis's oldest chemistry design.
:: They are a manganese-rich cathode (NMC) 25Ah cell with excellent cycle life, and acceptable [[C-Rate|C-rate]].
:; 27Ah
:: An adaptation of the 25Ah cell chemistry with thinner foils and more of them.
:: This means that there is more active materiel (more capacity) but less conductive path to get that capacity in and out.
:: So for the slow discharge S/DS bikes, you get more capacity, but they are lower C rate, and cannot handle being used in the FX platform.
:; 29Ah
:: Higher discharge rate (peak and continuous) than the 25Ah cell.
:: More capacity than the 27Ah cell (especially at higher [[C-Rate|C rates]]/cooler temperatures).
:; 32Ah
:: 10% capacity improvement and very likely lower internal resistance.
:: Internal weight savings and better cooling are inferred.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Farasis Specs
!
! colspan="2"| Discharge
!
! Charge
|-
! Cell
! Continuous
! Peak (10sec)
! Max Burst
! Maximum
|-
|25Ah
|4C (100A)
|7C (175A)
|400A
|1C (25A)
|}
;References
: [https://evmc2.wordpress.com/2013/12/01/2014-zero-battery-chemistry-z-force-power-tank-secret-sauce/ 2014 ZERO BATTERY CHEMISTRY (Z-FORCE® POWER TANK SECRET SAUCE)]
: [https://endless-sphere.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=87997 DoctorBass on Endless Sphere: Zero Motorcycles BATTERY for your E-projects!!]
: [https://chargedevs.com/newswire/new-farasis-pouch-cell-balances-power-and-energy-density/ Charged EVs: New (32Ah) Farasis lithium-ion pouch cell balances power and energy density]
: [https://electricmotorcycleforum.com/boards/index.php?topic=5314.0 Battery notes from a Farasis Engineer. @ ElectricMotorcyleForum]
</onlyinclude>
