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extract from service manual
<onlyinclude>
In 2016, Zero introduced an interior permanent magnet (IPM) design as distinguished from a surface permanent magnet (SPM) design of the original motor introduced in 2013.
* An IPM design places the rotor magnets in physical slots within its circumference, instead of binding the magnets to the rotor's circumference via special epoxies.
* The IPM design reduces the heating associated with developing magnetic flux and distributes the heat produced more evenly.
*: This allows the motor to operate at higher outputs while producing less heat overall and concentrating heat production where it dissipates more easily.
*: In practice, this avoids hitting thermal limits which require cutbacks to protect the motor windings.
; Controller Programming Note
* The IPM design motor apparently involves custom Zero programming of the Sevcon controller for the encoder, so off the shelf DVT software cannot perform alignment/commissioning but can apply settings / DCF files and restore them.
;Production / Rollout
* 2016 models S/DS/SR/DSR/FXS have the IPM design.
* FX and S/DS models with a 3-brick battery retained the SPM design (presumably to be phased out with inventory).
* As of 2017, statements from Zero indicate that once the IPM motor design was in production, SPM motor production ceased, and all replacements of SPM motors would use IPM motors.
;References
: [http://livestream.com/accounts/14139273/events/4442461 Zero livestream announcing 2016 upgrades]
: [http://livestream.com/accounts/14139273/events/4534534 Zero livestream presentation with Ryan Biffard about the Z-Force motor IPM upgrade]
</onlyinclude>
In 2016, Zero introduced an interior permanent magnet (IPM) design as distinguished from a surface permanent magnet (SPM) design of the original motor introduced in 2013.
* An IPM design places the rotor magnets in physical slots within its circumference, instead of binding the magnets to the rotor's circumference via special epoxies.
* The IPM design reduces the heating associated with developing magnetic flux and distributes the heat produced more evenly.
*: This allows the motor to operate at higher outputs while producing less heat overall and concentrating heat production where it dissipates more easily.
*: In practice, this avoids hitting thermal limits which require cutbacks to protect the motor windings.
; Controller Programming Note
* The IPM design motor apparently involves custom Zero programming of the Sevcon controller for the encoder, so off the shelf DVT software cannot perform alignment/commissioning but can apply settings / DCF files and restore them.
;Production / Rollout
* 2016 models S/DS/SR/DSR/FXS have the IPM design.
* FX and S/DS models with a 3-brick battery retained the SPM design (presumably to be phased out with inventory).
* As of 2017, statements from Zero indicate that once the IPM motor design was in production, SPM motor production ceased, and all replacements of SPM motors would use IPM motors.
;References
: [http://livestream.com/accounts/14139273/events/4442461 Zero livestream announcing 2016 upgrades]
: [http://livestream.com/accounts/14139273/events/4534534 Zero livestream presentation with Ryan Biffard about the Z-Force motor IPM upgrade]
</onlyinclude>
